حوليات المساحة الجيولوجية المصرية 2018

ABSTRACT
The northeastern part of the Eastern Desert of Egypt along the west side of the Gulf of Suez, was- for a long time, since the Precambrian up to the present time, a target for many tectonics leading to a very complicated stratigraphy hard to compare with any other part of Egypt. The earliest uplifted arches dissecting Egypt in a general NE-SW trend stretching from south Western Desert, crossing the south and central Eastern Desert extending through Sinai up to the Gulf of Aqaba namely Tarfawi - Qena – South Sinai, Gharib - Ragba – Taba and the Cephren – Kom Ombo in the south. Only the Uweinat - Bahariya – Port Said arch reaches the Mediterranean Sea. These structural highs had a great impact on the areas they crossed and especially on their topography and geologic setting. The opening of the Gulf of Suez started in pulses, during the Carboniferous and reached its acme during the Jurassic and continued during the Late Cretaceous and the Cenozoic where and when block movements are very common. Moreover the Paleogene and the Neogene transgressions and regressions added more complications to the sediments tectono- stratighraphy in the Gulf area. The uplift of the basement rocks along the Red Sea started in the Priabonian and intermittently continued up to the boundary between the Aquitanian and the Burdigalian was an important tectonic in the geological history of the Eastern Desert and especially on both sides of Gulf areas.
KEY WORDS
Stratigraphy , depositional environments, south galala plateau, gulf of suez,, Tarfawi - Qena – South Sinai, Gharib - Ragba – Taba , Cephren – Kom Ombo , Uweinat - Bahariya – Port Said arch and basement rocks.
Vol. 35 (2018) -pp.1-18

ABSTRACT
The northeastern part of the Eastern Desert of Egypt along the west side of the Gulf of Suez, was- for a long time, since the Precambrian up to the present time, a target for many tectonics leading to a very complicated stratigraphy hard to compare with any other part of Egypt. The earliest uplifted arches dissecting Egypt in a general NE-SW trend stretching from south Western Desert, crossing the south and central Eastern Desert extending through Sinai up to the Gulf of Aqaba namely Tarfawi - Qena – South Sinai, Gharib - Ragba – Taba and the Cephren – Kom Ombo in the south. Only the Uweinat - Bahariya – Port Said arch reaches the Mediterranean Sea. These structural highs had a great impact on the areas they crossed and especially on their topography and geologic setting. The opening of the Gulf of Suez started in pulses, during the Carboniferous and reached its acme during the Jurassic and continued during the Late Cretaceous and the Cenozoic where and when block movements are very common. Moreover the Paleogene and the Neogene transgressions and regressions added more complications to the sediments tectono- stratighraphy in the Gulf area. The uplift of the basement rocks along the Red Sea started in the Priabonian and intermittently continued up to the boundary between the Aquitanian and the Burdigalian was an important tectonic in the geological history of the Eastern Desert and especially on both sides of Gulf areas.
KEY WORDS
Stratigraphy , depositional environments, south galala plateau, gulf of suez,, Tarfawi - Qena – South Sinai, Gharib - Ragba – Taba , Cephren – Kom Ombo , Uweinat - Bahariya – Port Said arch and basement rocks.
Vol. 35 (2018) -pp.1-18

ABSTRACT
Wadi-Allaqi region comprises few dismembered ophiolitic fragments thrusting over thick successions of volcanosedimentary assemblages. Wadi Umm Araka-Wadi Shakaibarea are intensively deformed and metamorphosed facies during Pan African orogeny. Several points including the role of fractional crystallization and magma source region in the evolution of Wadi Umm Araka-Wadi Shakaibarea. The studied district includes four areas of Umm Araka, Haimur, Umm Shakaib and Marahiq. The lithology of ultramafic rocks in the studied district is serpentinites, amphibolites and talc-carbonate rocks. The studied ultramafic rocks related to dismembered ophiolitic assemblages and represented by serpentinites, talc carbonate rocks and amphibolites. The relatively high contents of V and Co and the low contents of Nb, Rb and Y confirm that the studied ultramafic rocks are originated from ultrabasic parental rocks. The ultramafic rocks are related to lherzolite, harzburgite and dunite in origin. They are related to carbonate ultramafic rocks and metacarbonatesof low Ti-ophiolites. The magma types of studied ultramafic rocks are low-K tholeiitic rocks. Alteration minerals in metamorphosed litholo¬gies may include quartz, chlorite, serpentine (lizardite, chrysotile), albite, epidote, pyrite, carbon¬ates, talc, kaolinite and oxides (magnetite, hematite, and goethite). The alteration processes that affected the studied ultramafic rocks are classified into five main types: serpentinization and talc-carbonate alteration, carbonatization, ferruginization, silicificationand oxidation. In the studied area, the iron-bearing minerals are the main components of the ultramafic rocks.Ore mineralogy associated with the ophiolitic ultramafic rocks in Egypt includes podiform chromites, Cu-Ni-Co mineralization and gold. The main minerals in Umm Shakaib and Marahiq areas are talc, antigorite, dolomite and quartz. The associated metallic minerals are gold, nickel, chromium, copper and lanthanum. The gold, lead, chromium, nickel and copper minerals appear in most studied samples
KEY WORDS
Ophiolitic ultramafic  rocks, ore minerals, geochemistry, Eastern Desert and Egypt
Vol. 35 (2018) -pp.73-101

ABSTRACT
The studied hydrothermally altered rock units at Wadi Dara are represented by dioritic rocks of gabbro-diorite complex; Dokhan volcanics; muscovite monzogranites; biotite monzogranites; alkali feldspar granites; dykes and veins of the Neoproterozoic rocks of Pan-African island arc. The investigated area is dissected by many faults with different trends. Faults trending NNW-SSE are dominant and could be considered as the oldest one as they show displacement by the NNE-SSW, and NE-SW trending faults. All rock units in the mapped area are dissected by abundant ENE-WSW faults. The rocks along these faults are strongly sheared and show intense silicification and hematitization, particularly along Wadi Dara. Geochemically, the studied dioritic rocks show calc-alkaline affinity that developed in island arc environment and classified as quartz diorite to granodioritic rocks. The Dokhan volcanics vary in composition from rhyolite to andesite, originated from calc-alkaline magmas of continental crust to island arcs environments. The Dara granitic rocks range in composition from granite to quartz monzonite originated from calc-alkaline to alkaline, metaluminous to peraluminous magma type that developed in extensional environment in volcanic arc (I-type). Copper carbonate minerals (malachite) represent the main copper minerals in Gabal Dara. They concentrated along joints and fissures planes. They can be produced by the reaction of the oxidizing meteoric waters containing abundant dissolved CO2, with the copper sulfides (chalcopyrite). The mineralogical and petrographical investigations of the hydrothermally altered rocks reveal that quartz, hematite, calcite, dolomite, illite, and kaolinite with few amounts of goethite, muscovite, and albite are the hydrothermal mineral assemblages. During the hydrothermal alteration processes, relative element transfers occur due to dissolution and precipitation mechanisms occurred within the sheared Dara rock units. The major oxides and trace elements show marginal changes suggesting that they are slightly affected by hydrothermal alteration.
KEY WORDS
Hydrothermal alteration, mineralogy, petrography, geochemistry, paragenetic sequence, Gabal Dara, North Eastern Desert, Egypt
Vol. 35 (2018) -pp.103-140

ABSTRACT
Hamadat area represents the catchment zone of an elliptical diaper-like intrusion pluton trending NNW-SSE. This pluton is one of the granitic diaper series exposed along the road that have yielded ages between 590 and 597 Ma. It is composed mainly of K-feldspar (22-52 vol.%), plagioclase (13-45 vol.%), quartz (19-39 vol.%), and biotite (up to 12 vol.%). Based on this modal composition, it is classified as monzogranite and it is highly jointed and exfoliated. Pegmatite and quartz veins and pods dissect it. It is also considered as homogenous, in terms of composition. Riebeckite-bearing granite is recorded in the northwestern segment of the pluton and it is composed mainly of perthite (up to 55%), quartz (35-40%), albite (5-15%), riebeckite (<5%) and biotite (<5%) and commonly sheared and highly silicified. The recorded non-opaque heavy minerals in the studied stream sediments include biotite, hornblende, riebeckite, epidote, and garnet, together with the accessory minerals; zircon, rutile, titanite, tourmaline, monazite and xenotime. Thorite, allanite, monazite, zircon, and apatite are recorded in the heavy mineral fraction as REE-bearing minerals
KEY WORDS
Arabian-Nubian Shield, non-opaque, heavy mineral, stream sediments, REE
Vol. 35 (2018) -pp.141-156

ABSTRACT
Grain size and depositional pattern of the sediment from Qift - Quseir Road, Central Eastern Desert have been carried out to evaluate its textural parameters and statistical measurements to depict the depositional pattern of the studied sediments in the area. Twenty-nine samples were collected for this study. The statistical parameters include; the graphic mean values (Mz) ranging from fine to coarse graind, reflecting variable current velocities and turbulence of the transporting medium or it may suggests that they are poorly sorting; the inclusive graphic skewness (SkI) of grain analysis data show the dominance of positive skewed and the kurtosis of the sediments show that they are either very leptokurtic or very platykurtic. The light minerals include quartz, muscovite, potash feldspar and gypsum, while the heavy minerals divided into opaque minerals; pyroxene, goethite, magnetite, hornblende, biotite, sphene and garnet and non-opaque minerals; plagioclase, barite, apatite, fluorite, tourmaline, rutile, cetrine and olivine. The main source of the detected minerals are the basic and acidic igneous rocks, pegmatites and pegmatitic granites and the metamorphic rocks encountered in the Ambagi, Meatiq, Abu Ziran, Wadi El-Haramiya, Um Selimate, El-Fawakhir, Wadi Attala regions and sedimentary rocks of GabalDuwi.
KEY WORDS
Heavy Minerals Distribution, Density separation, Textural parameters, Depositional environment.
Vol. 35 (2018) -pp.157-178

ABSTRACT
Identification of the structural setting in the area of study is critical to hydrocarbon exploration, as well as geological conservation studies for minerals. Many faults, affecting the Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks of this study area, are well known to be basement controlled. Potential-field data can give valuable information about the locations of faults in the basement. These faults may have propagated into the overlying sedimentary rocks and influenced the fluid flow and distribution of hydrocarbon traps and mineralization zones, as well as the salt dissolution and carbonate alteration. One of the objectives of this research is to provide and present the maps and images generated during this study, which highlight the promising sites for hydrocarbon accumulation in the area under study. The results of magnetic and gravity data processing are provided here as an enhancement maps with inferred lineaments, A statistical approach is demonstrated here to analyze the lineaments picked from a generated set of the enhancement maps of magnetic and gravity data, two dominant structural trends are observed in both datasets. Also, the depth map of the basement surface has been aided in delineating the locations of basins areas, mapping of magnetic basement depth is most important for hydrocarbon exploration in a sedimentary basin because the basement impact on the geology of the overlying sedimentary rocks plays an important role for the formation of oil and gas pools. Moreover, gravity and magnetic modeling could proof the general potential of magnetic and gravity data by improving the outline of the contact zone between the sedimentary strata and basement rocks at selected basins sites, which were identified from the basement depth estimation techniques, given a susceptibility contrast between the sedimentary rocks and basement rocks. The final result is shown as a significant improvement in imaging the geological features and gives new insights into the studied area that are revealed by the interpreted new maps, the locations of which are also supported by other available surface geological information and deep boreholes data. These presented results should be of considerable assistance in delineating some new aspects of hydrocarbon exploration in the area under study.
KEY WORDS
Hydrocarbon traps, Structural analysis, Lineament, Magnetic data, Gravity data and Basement depth.
Vol. 35 (2018) -pp.179-198

ABSTRACT
The Temsah field is located at the eastern part of the offshore Nile delta. The main reservoirs of the area are the Middle Pliocene that mainly composed of sandstone of turbiditic origin, which corresponds to bright seismic amplitude anomalies. Synthetic seismograms have been carried out for all the available wells to tie horizons to seismic data and to define the lateral variation characters of the rock units. The analysis has been done using the suitable seismic attributes to understand the characteristics of the different types of the reservoir formations, identifying faults and delineating the stratigraphic plays of good reservoirs channel such as lower and upper sand in Kafr El-Sheikh Formation. The interpretation and analysis of the seismic attributes maps of this interval show NW-SE anomaly trend, reflecting the impact of syn-sedimentary growth listric faults on the reservoir facies distribution in this area. Furthermore, well logging is essential tool to obtain Petrophysical properties of the reservoirs, such as Porosity, hydrocarbon saturation for hydrocarbon exploration. This paper presents the log analysis results from four wells located in off shore Egypt at the eastern side of the Nile delta, in water depth reachs to 70m. Finally, the integration of different seismic attributes assists in the investigation of two new prospects and the estimation of the Gas Initial in Place (GIIP) that reaches to 115.77 bcf.
KEY WORDS
Temsah Field, Synthetic seismograms, seismic attributes, well logging
Vol. 35 (2018) -pp.199-212

ABSTRACT
Petrographic investigation and petrophysical studies have been conducted on (22) core samples obtained from Salam field (SAL-2, 5 and 38 wells) at Khalda Petroleum Company laboratories to show the reservoir characteristics and diagenetic change of the Bahariya Formation clastic rocks. Meanwhile, electric logs from SAL-16, 37, 40, 49, 55 and 61 wells have been used in this study to follow the vertical and horizontal distribution of the Bahariya Formation petrophysical parameters. Petrographic studies revealed that the sandstones of Bahariya Formation are predominately arenites (ferruginous subarkosic, subarkosic, sideritic subfeldspathic phosphatic, calcareous glauconitic and glauconitic dolomitic lithic arenites), greywackes (carbonaceous glauconitic subfeldspathic, ferruginous subarkosic and glauconitic sideritic graywacke) and mudstone (carbonaceous glauconitic subfeldspathic). Arenites in nature; are medium silt to coarse sand grained in size, rounded to angular in shape, poor to moderately sorted, moderate to well packed texture, while greywackes are very fine to medium sand grained in size, subrounded to angular in shape, poorly sorted texture and mudstones are moderately sorted, angular silt grains. The porosity of the studied sandstone, which is both syn-depositional and diagenetic in origin, has been evaluated as good to very good, with an average value between 16-23%, while the observed permeability is fair to good. Cementation coupled with compaction had an important effect on the porosity of the studied sandstones. Integration of petrographic and petrophysical investigations revealed that, the petrophysical characteristics of the Bahariya sandstones are improved at the southern parts of the study area and whereas they decrease with depth, due to the compaction and cementation and the presence of clay minerals which reduces their permeability.
KEY WORDS
Bahariya Formation, Salam field, microfacies, petrophysical parameters.
Vol. 35 (2018) -pp.213-236

ABSTRACT
The present study is based on qualitative and quantitative analyses of the drainage basins using topographic maps and recent satellite images. The discharge of the heavy rainfall in million cubic meters (MCM) of the selected hydrographic subbasins (W. Solaf, W. El Akhdar, W. El Sheikh, W. El Ager, W. Nisryin and Down-stream subbasin) is calculated by using SMADA 6.0 (Stormwater management and design aid) computer program. The obtained result proved that the total surface runoff is 0.89194 x 106 m3, 2.6856 x 106 m3, 2.67438 x 106 m3, 0.57464 x 106 m3, 0.2357592 x 106 m3 and 0.57464 x 106 m3 for W. Solaf, W. El Akhdar, W. El Sheikh, W. El Ager, W. Nisryin and Down-stream subbasin respectively. The total runoff transferred to the delta of  Wadi Feran is 7.265812 million m3. Appropriate controlling system was proposed at the tributaries of the hydrographic subbasins using simple retardation dams and rainfall collectors network to provide a recharge to the alluvial aquifer and protect the area from flash flood, soil and natural seed conservation. On the other hand, groundwater was chemically analyzed in order to determine the origin of salts and the geochemical evolution of water during its movement from the recharging areas to its final destination in the different aquifers in Wadi Feran basin. The salinity of groundwater varies with the seasonal influx of dilute runoff and dissolution of cementing materials within the aquifers matrix. It is apparent that groundwater salinities are almost close reflecting same recharging sources. The hydrochemical types; Ca-Sodium-Cl-Bicarbonate, Ca-Sodium-HCO3 - Chloride, Ca-Sodium-Cl-HCO3-Sulphate and Ca-Sodium-Cl suggest also same recharging source and the effect of aquifer materials as well as the geochemical processes on water types. The composition of runoff and seepage inflow waters is affected by rainfall, weathering, calcite precipitation and ion exchange reactions in the predominantly granitic catchment soils. Variation in water salinities is also governed by nearness or farness from the catchment areas or due to the abandonment of some wells.
Vol. 35 (2018) -pp.237-264

ABSTRACT
The study area represents the future urban extension of crowded areas of NileValley especially, after choosing it as a part of the one and half million acre reclamation project. Twenty six groundwater samples were collectedfrom the study area, which extended between Latitudes 27º 27' - 27º 43' N and Longitudes 30º 25 - 30º 53' E. These samples were analyzed for the major ions concentrations(Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, So4, HCO3 and CO3) along with different physicochemical parameters (pH, TDS and EC) and heavy metals (Al, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V and Zn). The assessment of these groundwater samples was obtained to evaluate groundwater suitability for different purposes (drinking, irrigationand domestic purposes). Water quality index (WQI) rating was used to assess the groundwater quality for drinking. The WQI values indicate that the most of the groundwater samples are suitable for drinking with different grades (8 % excellent, 61.54 % goodand 30.77 % poor). Evaluation of groundwater for irrigation purposes wasstudied depending on several parameters including EC, TDS, SSP, SAR, RSC, MAR, Cl and toxic metals. The majority of the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation. The evaluation of groundwater for domestic purposes was obtained using TDS, TH and CR properties. Most of the groundwater samples should be treated before being used for domestic purposes.
KEY WORDS
Hydrogeochemistry, Water Quality Index, Drinking, Irrigation and Domestic purposes
Vol. 35 (2018) -pp.265-292

ABSTRACT
The hydrogeologic conditions of the Moghra aquifer, East Al Qattara Depression, North Western Desert, Egypt, are assessed using the hydrogeological and isotopic tools. Water levels inside eleven wells tapping the Moghra aquifer were measured and water samples were collected for major ions, trace metals, and δ18O and δD analyses. The analyses of major ions and trace metals are according to American Society for Testing and Materials. The sTable isotopic analyses were done by a Triple Liquid Isotopic Water Analyzer (Los Gatos). The Moghra aquifer consists of heterogeneous and anisotropic materials of sands, siltstone and calcareous shale. The aquifer is subjected to unconfined conditions and the groundwater flow is mainly from NE directions towards Al Qattara Depression westwards. The degree of hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer is generally low, averaging 0.000344 m/sec. The aquifer has slightly acidic to alkaline water (6.7 < pH < 7.8) with salinity (as TDS) ranging from brackish to salt water (2370 < TDS < 8650 mg/l). Chloride and sodium are the dominant ions. The chemical and isotopic compositions (δ18O and δD) of the groundwater vary greatly, revealing the diversity in the hydrogeologic conditions and recharges sources. The evaporation, mixing and dissolution processes are the primarily geochemical processes affecting the groundwater quality. The present study reveals that the groundwater of the aquifer is a mixture of the modern rains, water of post Moghra aquifer, sea water, water of the deeper Nubia Sandstone aquifer (NSSA), and water of the Quaternary aquifer. Hydrochemically, the groundwater is unsui Table for drinking and domestic purposes; however, it can be used for irrigation and livestock under restricted conditions. Drilling activities in the area should be under control and be restricted in its central part, where the aquifer contains groundwater with low salinity and major ions contents. The deeper NSSA having fresh water should be explored in the area
KEY WORDS
Egypt, Moghra aquifer, sTable isotopes, groundwater flow, recharge sources, water quality.
Vol. 35 (2018) -pp.293 – 311

ABSTRACT
The Quaternary aquifer has recently become a major source of water supply in North Eastern Desert of Egypt. Expansion of land reclamations, industrial activities and sewage effluents are the main reasons behind the continuous increase in both groundwater level and salinity in the aquifer. Groundwater numerical modeling is applied to limit the threats of future deterioration in groundwater quality and to prevent the possible transportation of pollutants within the aquifer and from the aquifer to the Nile River. A 3-D Finite Difference Model (Visual MODFLOW-2014) has been used to simulate the hydrodynamic flow of groundwater in the Quaternary aquifer. Solute transport model that communicated with MODFLOW through data files MT3DMS, is used to predict the contaminant migration in the aquifer more accurately and solve the problem of contaminants transport. To predict the future hydrologic response of the aquifer; a preliminary scenario is proposed for 10 years' simulation period by using the present day maximum values of groundwater levels and salinity concentrations (45m amsl and 4000mg/l, respectively). The resulted values of groundwater levels and salinity concentrations after the simulation period are 65m amsl and 6000, mg/l respectively. An optimization scenario is achieved by constructing a hydraulic barrier including a number of wells to extract the contaminated groundwater for treatment and reuse for irrigation. The model is run for transient simulation period of 7300 days (20 years) subdivided into four time intervals. After many attempts to avoid groundwater depressions during pumping; the optimal results are obtained by using a number of 12 pumping wells with extraction rate of 200m3/day for each well. An obvious decreasing in groundwater levels and salinity values is obtained after each time period. At the end of the last time period; the prevailing values of groundwater levels and salinity are 30m amsl and 600mg/l, respectively.
Vol. 35 (2018) -pp.313 – 334

ABSTRACT
In the last few decades water consumption exceeds the freshwater resources in Egypt. The desert fringes of the Nile Delta, as many desert areas,  face the problem of head drawdown and groundwater salinization due to intensive pumping and low recharge rates. On the other hand, the lifting of the Nile water to these suburbs became very difficult due to the limited Nile water quantity therefore, groundwater is considered the only water source. Groundwater is exploited from three main aquifers Quaternary, Miocene and Oligocene aquifers. The Lower Miocene aquifer dominates the study area. The geochemistry, multi-isotopes (18O, 3He/4He, SF6 ) and Nobel gas (NGTs) have been utilized to investigate the main sources of groundwater salinization and recharge for sustainable management of the Miocene groundwater aquifer. Additionally, the MODFLOW code is used to simulate the groundwater conditions of the study area. A simulation period of 26 years was proposed from year 2014 to 2040 to predict the head changes of the groundwater system using three proposed plans. The model scenarios were applied to predict the probable head changes in the Miocene aquifer and their impact on the availability of groundwater. The first scenario keeps the present discharging rate without change while the second scenario assumes double discharging rates to cover the continous increases in water demands for both new reclamation projects and human activities. The third scenario suggesting a plan to minimize the head deterioration in the groundwater levels. The model results, show that the groundwater levels of the study area is expected to suffer from continuous groundwatre head drop with the continuous increase in the water extraction. About 21 m head drop is expected in the next 26 years with a drawdown rate  of about 0.8 m/year. The study suggest the third scenario to sustaine the groundwater resources in the study area which keep the drawdown rates in the range of o.20 m/year through reducing the present discharging rates (600-900 m3/day/well) by about 8 to 10%.
KEY WORDS
Groundwater chemistry, Isotope geochemistry, Groundwater modeling, Miocene Aquifer, Surface water - Groundwater Interaction.
Vol. 35 (2018) -pp.335 - 355

ABSTRACT
The area Northeast the Qattara Depression attracted the investors for the reclamation and development of new settlements. The Moghra-Qattara area represents an important part of the Egyptian 1.5 million feddans national reclamation project.  The groundwater is the only water source for such integrated development in this area. The main objective of the present work is studying and exploring the Moghra groundwater aquifer in this area by geophysical methods. To achieve the aim of the study, thirty two electromagnetic stations are measured through a grid pattern across the study area. One of them measured beside water well and used as a parametric. The field measurements were done using single loop configuration with square side length equals 200 m. The main results of this study are the groundwater aquifer in the study area, as represented by three geoelectrical layers, separated by two thin clay layers. Depth to the upper surface of the water-bearing rock unit ranges from 6 m to 87.8 m, depending on the ground elevation, while the water-level varies from -25m to -50m below the sea level; It decreases toward the Northern direction, due to decreasing the ground elevation in this direction. The saturated aquifer thickness ranges from 400 to 470m. The southern and eastern parts of the area are better for the reclamation project than the northern and western parts. Where, the high resistivities of water-bearing layer (less clayey intercalations and high water quality) are measured at the southern and eastern parts, and the lowest ones (more clayey intercalations and low water quality) are measured at the northern and western partss of the study area. The first priorities to drill new productive water wells are located at the southern and eastern parts of the study area, at the stations Nos.  22, 10, 31 and 20 respectively.
KEY WORDS
Qattara Depression, Moghra Oasis, Geophysical methods, Time-Domain Electromagnetic sounding, Moghra aquifer
Vol. 35 (2018) -pp.357 – 372

ABSTRACT
Hydrogeological study through the analysis of Digital Elevation Model (DEM), together with the already existing water well information and geophysical survey using electrical resistivity survey have been carried out in El Safa City area, west of Assiut Governorate, southern Egypt. This is to delineate the geoelectrical characteristics of the sedimentary cover of the considered area and to evaluate its groundwater potentiality. A total of fourteen deep vertical electrical sounding stations were established within the site, along four traverses Schlumberger configuration was utilized for the data acquisition. The half–current electrode spacing (𝐴𝐵/2) used range from 1.5 to 4000m. The quantitative interpretation of the VES curves involved the use of partial curve matching and the 1-D computer iteration technique. The interpretation of Schlumberger sounding data was first calibrated with the lithology of the available nearby wells. The depth sounding interpretation results were used to generate the geoelectrical sections, from which the aquifer was delineated. The geoelectrical sections drawn from the results of the interpretation reveal five subsurface layer which comprises of the : a top weathered or surface units of varying resistivity values from (130 to 40000 Ωm), interpreted as a mixture of sediments of wadi deposits, alluvium and clay beds, then a second layer of moderately low resistivity values (20-100 Ωm) comparable to gravel and sand sediments deposits, whose conductivity is due to the pore fluid water and/or these sediments is rich in clay contents; a third layer has anomalously very low resistivity of 6-8 Ωm and is correlated as the pre-Nile deposits, that consists of intercalation between sand and clay ,whose high conductivity is due to the water saturation and it constituted the main shallow groundwater aquifer in the study area, as has been interpreted from water wells data; a fourth layer shows a conductive clay layer (1.3–3.6 ohm-m), which belongs to the Pliocene age; then a fifth layer shows a low to moderately resistivity values (8-284 Ωm), comparable to fractured and faulted limestone rock, which belongs to the Eocene age, whose conductivity is due to the groundwater saturation; and a sixth layer shows a conductive clay layer,that has resistivity (2 ohm-m) of the Esna Formation, which belongs to the Paleocene age. The present search enabled us to study the extension of a known aquifer within the Pre-Nile deposits, which belongs to the Middle-Late Pleistocene age and to explore the possible existence of a second deep groundwater aquifer in the fractured and faulted Limestone layer, which belongs to the Eocene age. Hence, from this project work it is recommended, that boreholes can be sited at the high conductive zones of VESes 11 and 13, as they contain a large thicknesses of the shallow aquifer. Also, it is recommended that boreholes can be sited at VESes 7, 12 and 10, as they contain probable smaller depths for the deep fractured limestone aquifer, the salinity of the groundwater will detect the suitable usage for many purposes.
KEY WORDS
El Safa City area, Assiut governorate, shallow groundwater aquifer, deep aquifer, watershed analysis and geoelectrical soundings
Vol. 35 (2018) -pp.373  - 391

ABSTRACT
يعتبر خام الفوسفات أحد من أهم مصادر الدخل القومى لما تملكة مصر من احتياطات هائلة من الخام وموقعاً استراتيجياً لتصدير منتجاته بالشرق والغرب ، حيث أنه يدخل في جملة من الصناعات التحويلية والتي من أھمھا الاسمدة الكيميائية مما يجعله مورداً ھاماً يحظى بطلب متزايد من طرف أغلبية دول العالم وخصوصاً تلك التي تھتم بالإنتاج الزراعي وتدافع عن أمنھا الغذائي ، ويتم استخراج وإنتاج خام الفوسفات بطريقتين : الطريقة الأولى والتى تعد من الطرق الأكثر آماناً وشيوعاً وهى التعدين السطحى ويتم إنتاج خام الفوسفات فى هذة الطريقة بعد إزالة الطبقات التى تعلوة (الغطاء الصخرى) باستخدام المعدات الثقيلة (البلدوزورات – الحفارات) ثم تكسير طبقة الخام واستخراجها باستخدام (الحفارات - اللوادر) . أما الطريقة الثانية والتى تعد من الطرق الأكثر تعقيداً فنياً وتكنولوجياً مع وضع محاذير للمخاطر وهى التعدين تحت السطحى وذلك بعمل الطرق وأعمدة التدعيم ونظام هندسى للتهوية بداخل المنجم ثم يتم استخراج خام الفوسفات بالمعدات المخصصة اللازمة وبعد ذلك يجرى على خام الفوسفات عمليات التكسير والطحن والغربلة باستخدام (الكسارة) للحصول على خام فوسفات قابل للتسويق . إن عدم الالتزام بالقواعد والأصول الفنية لأعمال الاستخراج والإنتاج لخام الفوسفات يؤدى إلى إهدار كميات كبيرة منه وتقليل الإنتاجية بشكل مستمر بسبب عدم توافر العمالة الفنية المدربة وكذلك المعدات المناسبة أو اللازمة لتحقيق خطة الإنتاج .. لذلك يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة العوامل المؤثرة على التشغيل الكفء والإقتصادى لعمليات الاستخراج والإنتاج لمنجم الفوسفات . حيث أنة تم الوصول إلى أربعة عوامل هامة لتحسين إنتاجية خام الفوسفات ومن ثم عدم إهدار كميات من الخام داخل مواقع إنتاجه وهى : 1- تقدير عدد المعدات اللازمة لاستخراج وإنتاج خام الفوسفات لمساحة (A) كم2 كنموذج يتم تطبيقة على جميع مواقع الاستخراج والإنتاج 2- صيانة المعدات المستخدمه فى مجال استخراج وإنتاج خام الفوسفات .    3- تخطيط موقع عمل استخراج وإنتاج خام الفوسفات . 4- تحديد عدد وتدريب العاملين بموقع عمل استخراج وإنتاج خام الفوسفات . لذلك تم إعداد عدد ست تصورات مقترحة لبعض البرامج التدريبية المطلوب تدريب للعاملين عليها والتى تعمل على تحسين الإنتاجية فى مجال استخراج وإنتاج خام الفوسفات وهى كالآتى : 1. تصور مقترح لبرنامج تدريبى على قيادة وتشغيل المعدات الثقيلة بالموقع . 2. تصور مقترح لبرنامج تدريبى على الأعمال الميكانيكية والكهربائية المطلوبة بالموقع . 3. تصور مقترح لبرنامج تدريبى عن الصيانة الوقائية للمعدات الثقيلة بالموقع . 4. تصور مقترح لبرنامج تدريبى عن الاسعافات الأولية المطلوبة بالموقع . 5. تصور مقترح لبرنامج تدريبى على مهمات ووسائل الأمان الصناعى بالموقع . 6. تصور مقترح لبرنامج تدريبى للعاملين فى الوظائف الإدارية بالموقع .
Vol. 35 (2018) -pp.1-22